pedantic: implies ostentation in learning and stodginess in expression and may connote absorption in scholarly matters to the exclusion of truly significant issues: gave an infuriatingly ~ discourse on the matter.  （stodgy有两个意思，1、指食物易饱的，感觉撑的，难消化的applies to food that is heavy and makes you feel very full，如drowsiness induced by a stodgy meal饱餐引起的困倦, 如his doctor told him to avoid stodgy food like pizzas and barbecue他的医生让他别吃馅饼烧烤之类的难消化食物； 2、指人古板严肃无趣applies to someone who is old-fashioned, serious, and boring，如why is the middle class so stodgy, so utterly without a sense of humor?中产阶级为什么这么古板无趣毫无幽默感？如a stodgy dinner party一个老套无聊的宴会）    


academic: is likely to stress abstractness and a lack of practical experience and interests that deprive one of the ability to deal with realities: the economist's concerns seemed more ~ than practical.  抽象是有选择的忽略abstraction is selective ignorance这句话很经典，最好背下来


scholastic: is likely to imply aridity, formalism, adherence to the letter, and sometimes subtlety: presented a hopelessly ~ argument.  arid=very dry非常干燥的  （formal正式的形式的implies what is according to custom指遵从规则惯例的，暗指人僵硬拘束老套stiff, restrained, and old-fashioned, 如a formal report/manner正式报告/正式(拘束)的举止）   (letter这里表示字面字眼implies what is written和精神spirit相对，如a justice that transcends the letter of law超越法律字面的正义，如enforced the spirit rather than the letter of the law执行法律的精神而不是法律的字眼)  解释中adherence to the letter是执拗拘泥于字面字眼的意思    subtle晦涩难懂微妙+，指难以看清的微小细节或关系，如subtle logic/relatinship/difference微妙的逻辑/关系/差异


bookish: may suggest learning derived from books rather than actualities: had about him an effete, ~ air.  这里actual=real


pedantic老学究古板: 形容人只钻研学问，并古板无趣地炫耀学问，以致忽视了更重要的事情（应用），academic纯学术: 强调学问抽象缺乏实践经验或兴趣，以及处理实际问题的能力，scholastic学者的: 常常表示枯燥僵硬咬文嚼字晦涩难懂，bookish书本的:  表示学问来自书本而非现实


记忆方法: 1）首字母pasb想成A BookShelf Person一个书架人<==空学      没有应用的学习是空学, 没有方法的学习是死学，清黄景仁说"百无一用是书生"，陆游说自己“此身合是诗人未”，苏轼说"人生识字忧患始"，但没人会说苏轼陆游黄景仁百无一用，只是偶尔自讽自嘲罢了。中国历来崇文，他们都饱读诗书，不是说读书无用，而是不能空学死学，以致纸上谈兵缺乏实践。

         2）空学的意思只狭窄地关注学问mean too narrowly concerned with learned matters.